Says Rahim:
"One who is of inherently noble nature, will remain unaffected even when he associates with bad people. The sandalwood plant does not absorb poison when the snakes wind around it."
"One who is of inherently noble nature, will remain unaffected even when he associates with bad people. The sandalwood plant does not absorb poison when the snakes wind around it."
In Buddhism, suffering, or dukkha, is a fundamental concept that is part of the first of the Four Noble Truths:
Suffering (dukkha)The first truth, which states that everyone experiences suffering in some way Origin of suffering (samudāya)The second truth, which states that all suffering comes from desire Cessation of suffering (nirodha)The third truth, which states that it is possible to stop suffering and achieve enlightenment Path to the cessation of suffering (magga)The fourth truth, which describes the Middle Way and the steps to achieve enlightenmentBuddhists believe that suffering is caused by:
- Impermanence: Life is constantly changing, and no moment is reliable
- Desire: People crave or grasp for things, but they are never enough and never last
- Pain: Physical pain, such as hunger, lack of sleep, or chronic disease, can cause suffering
- Emotional pain: Frustration, upset, or worry can cause emotional suffering
The ultimate goal of Buddhism is to end the cycle of suffering and repeated death and rebirth, which is called nirvana. To achieve this, Buddhists follow the Eightfold Path, which includes:
- Right views
- Right resolve or aspiration
- Right speech
- Right action or conduct
- Right livelihood
- Right effort
- Right mindfulness
- Right concentration
When the Athenian philosopher Plato died in 347 BC his student, Aristotle, left Athens and moved to the Aegean island of Assos. With the help of other philosophers he established a new school on the nearby island of Lesbos, where he lived for two more years.
Aristotle's four causes are a way to answer "why" questions about something that exists or changes in nature:
- Material cause: The material from which something is made
- Formal cause: The structure or design of something
- Efficient cause: The primary starting point for change or rest
- Final cause: The end or goal of something
Aristotle believed that these four causes could be used to analyze both artificial and natural things. For example, a table's causes are:
- Material: Made of wood
- Formal: Designed with four legs of equal length
- Efficient: Made by a carpenter
- Final: Intended to support objects
Aristotle believed that his four causes were a general analytical scheme that could be applied to a wide range of situations. He believed that his predecessors lacked a complete understanding of causality and that their investigations were not entirely successful.
Responding to Marie-Louise von Franz's Concerns